Domitian’s reign lasted for 15 years, making him one of the longer-serving emperors in Roman history. His time in power can be characterized by his attempts to stabilize and strengthen the empire, but also by his increasingly autocratic and oppressive policies.

Military Campaigns and Expansion

Domitian was deeply involved in military affairs, seeking to secure Rome’s borders and expand its influence. One of his significant achievements was the successful campaigns in Germania. In 83 CE, Domitian led a campaign against the Germanic tribes, securing Rome’s northern frontier. His victories in the region were celebrated with grand triumphs, and he earned the title of Germanicus, which was often bestowed upon victorious emperors.

Later, in 88 CE, Domitian fought in a campaign against the Dacians, modern-day Romania, and although the results of these campaigns were mixed, they allowed him to maintain Roman dominance in the region.

Economic Reforms

Domitian also enacted several economic and administrative reforms during his reign. He worked to stabilize the Roman economy, which had faced difficulties in the years following the death of his father and brother. Domitian instituted a number of public works, including the reconstruction of the Capitoline Temple, a project that symbolized his authority and role in restoring Roman grandeur. His policies helped to improve the empire’s infrastructure, leading to urban development in Rome and other provinces.

Autocracy and Absolutism

While Domitian made contributions to the empire’s security and economy, his rule is also marked by growing authoritarianism. Unlike his father, Vespasian, and his brother, Titus, who had worked to maintain the Senate’s authority, Domitian increasingly sidelined the Senate in favor of his personal control over the empire. He adopted the title Dominus et Deus (“Master and God”), which was a clear indication of his autocratic style and desire for absolute power.

Domitian’s reign saw a growing culture of surveillance and fear. He was known for his paranoia and suspicion of conspiracies, leading to widespread executions of perceived enemies, including senators and members of the aristocracy. The atmosphere of fear grew so intense that many of his policies were seen as tyrannical, and historians from both his time and later periods often criticized his rule.

Cultural and Religious Contributions

Domitian took an active role in the cultural and religious life of Rome. He strengthened the position of the Roman gods and promoted the worship of the imperial family. His dedication to the restoration of temples and the celebration of religious festivals was an attempt to reinforce the divine legitimacy of his reign.

Domitian also sought to elevate his own image, commissioning statues of himself and glorifying his rule in public monuments. His efforts to present himself as a god-like figure were in part motivated by his desire to solidify his position as the sole ruler of Rome, but they also alienated many Romans who disapproved of his growing authoritarianism. shutdown123